Beethoven Biography

Beethoven, who was a great composer and pianist of German origin was born in the 1770 and died in 1827. On the same note, he is grouped among the very influential composers and played a very great role in Western classical music especially due to the fact that he existed during the transition period between the famous classical and romantic eras (Beethoven: biography, 2001).Although he was born in Bonn which was the capital city of Cologne, currently known as Germany, he later migrated to Vienna where he got occupied in studying as well as learning to play piano.It bears noting that though he developed a hearing problem, this did not deter him from his music career since he continued to perform and compose even after becoming completely deaf. Although he did not live for long, he made notable contribution in the field of music. With this background, this paper will objectively describe his biography, laying more emphasis on his life history as well as his major accomplishments. 2. 0 Background InformationBeethoven was born in the family of musicians since his grandfather Lodewijk van Beethoven was also a musician of Flemish origin who was employed as a bass singer and ended up becoming a music director (Ludwig van Beethoven (1770 – 1827)). More to that, his grandfather still had a son by the name Johann van Beethoven who was also talented in music since he was employed as tenor in the same place with his father. The son used to teach violin and piano lessons part time as a means of supplementing his income. Johann married a lady by the name Maria Magdalene and the two became the parents of the famous Ludwig van Beethoven.Although studies record that the parents of Beethoven had seven children, it is only Beethoven together with two younger boys who survived past infancy stage. He was the second born in the family and even though his exact date of birth is not known as there are no records, it is assumed that he was born 16th December 1770. This is due to the fact that it is evidently known that he was baptized on 17th December 1770 and by then children were being baptized a day after birth (Lane, 2005). Moreover, most studies indicate that he used to celebrate his birthday on 16th December.Beethoven talent in music was discovered quite early in life and his father who was a music teacher was the first person to start teaching him how to play keyboard. Although his father used to teach him, he still had other local teachers like Tobias Friedrich who taught him how to play piano, Franz Rovantini who taught him how to play violin as well as Gilles van den Eden. In the year 1779, Beethoven began to study music seriously with the help of Christian Neefe who helped him compose and publish his first composition in the year 1783.He was first employed in the year 1784 at Court Chapel although before then he used to work as Neefe assistant without any pay. He was later appointed as an assistant organist and the people who used to work closel y with him like Maximilian Fredrick noticed his talent in music and encouraged him to pursue further studies in music. Although studies illustrate that Beethoven had attempted to travel to Vienna in 1787, he was forced to go back to Bonn to take care of his siblings especially after his mother’s death.His father who was becoming a worse alcoholic day by day could not be trusted with caring for the family, this is denoted by the fact that he used to do it through a court order. However, in the year 1792, Beethoven travelled back to Vienna through the help of Elector. At Vienna, he trained under Haydn and managed to compose lots of work that was not published even though the works displayed his development in the music career. Similarly, these works by then indicated that he had learnt a lot from Haydn’s since they displayed a lot of Mozartean flavor.Nevertheless, Beethoven did not first concentrate on composing but on learning to play piano under the instruction of Hayd n as well as playing violin. He was also occasionally taught on Italian vocal composition style by Antonio Salieri for some few years. Even though after sometime Elector ceased to finance him, he continued to stay in Vienna because some people from the same place who had noticed his talent in music continued to support him financially (Crowest, 2009, p. 120). 3. 0 Beethoven’s Music CareerBeethoven’s Music career began to flourish in 1800. It is noteworthy that his first music performance at Vienna was in1795 after which he planned for the publication of his initial compositions, piano trios of Opus 1 which were dedicated to his patron. He continued to compose in many forms such as symphony, quartet and string. Although his works were greatly influenced by Mozart and Haydn, he emerged to be unique due to his music development, his use of modulation and texture, as well as his unique characterization of emotion.Beethoven was not only a composer, but a music teacher as we ll. Further studies indicate that he also taught Ferdinand Ries who became a composer and went a head to write a book entitled ‘Beethoven Remembered’ which explained about their encounter. Carl Crenzy who was a music teacher was also a Beethoven student for two years from 1801-1803 (Ludwig van Beethoven (1770 – 1827)). Just at the height of his career, Beethoven developed a hearing problem which was quite discouraging since he could no longer be able to appreciate music.Even if the exact cause of the problem is not known, it has been assumed that the problem was attributed by lead poisoning, syphilis, his habit of immersing his head in water in order to stay awake and typhus. However, the doctor’s report indicated that it was as a result of distended inner ear. The evidence of his deafness is not only from his works which record his written conversation with his friends, but also from a large collection of his hearing aids which have been preserved in Beet hoven House Museum in Bonn. He completely become deaf at 1814 but still continued with his music career (Davies, 2001, p.234) and (Udvarhelyi, 2003). Much as Beethoven used to obtain money from his compositions and his performances, he also depended heavily on financial help from his patrons like Prince Lichnowsky and Archduke Rudolph who was the last born son of Emperor Leopold II. As years progressed, he continued to develop his career and by 1810, he had managed to be recognized as a great composer. However, due to family and personal as well as financial problems, a slight decline was noted in his music career. He also had numerous illicit love affairs which may have contributed to the decline of his performance.In addition, he also started to experience ill health and his brother who was also ailing died in the year 1815. Albeit during this time he was still composing, his health did not stabilize and in 1825, he became bedridden. Nonetheless, he composed the fifteenth Quartet and still compiled the sixteenth, fourteenth and the thirteenth quartet while still in poor health. In 1826, his health deteriorated further (Kinderman, 1997, p. 238). Further studies illustrate that he latter died in 26th March 1827 and his funeral service which took place in the Holy Trinity Church was attended by more than ten thousand people.Beethoven was buried at Wahring cemetery located in Vienna, but latter his remains were exhumed in 1862 for study purposes. Further studies indicate that the exact cause of his death is not known although it has been projected that he might have died of infectious hepatitis, syphilis, lead poisoning, Whipple’s disease or Sarcoidosis. However, the analysis that was done after his body was exhumed point out that he could have died from excessive lead poisoning administered by his doctors (Beethoven: biography, 2001). 4. 0 Beethoven Major AccomplishmentsBeethoven’s composition represents several music genres and also contained a v ariety of music combinations. He wrote a total of sixteen string quartets, five string quintet, seven works for piano trio, five string trios and a lot more works containing a variety combinations of wind instruments. In addition, he also wrote nine symphonies and nine concerti and some vocal works with orchestral accompaniment. The first and the second symphonies and the first set of the six string quartets as well as some few other works were written in his early life when his music was greatly influenced by Mozart and Haydn (Kinderman, 1997, p.284). Most of the major works of Beethoven that identified him as a hero was written when he started experiencing hearing problem. Such works include the six symphonies, the very last piano concertos, five string quartets, Fidelio which was his only opera and some piano and violin sonatas. In his last stages of life, he began composing works that displayed high personal expression, formal innovation and his intellectual depth. His very last works include the last five quartets, ninth symphony and the last five piano sonatas.However, there are some of his works which were still very significant and may not have been recorded or published. 5. 0 Conclusion Whereas studies indicate that Beethoven managed to become one of the renowned giants of classical music, some of his character traits did not display a vey strong personality. For instance, his deafness made him to contemplate suicide and was frequently described as an impatient as well as a highly irritable person. He had some close friends who stayed by his side especially during his illness which led to his death.However, most studies indicate that he found it quite hard to get along with people the main reason why he was never legally married. His works remain to be a strong indication of his contribution in music arena. References Beethoven: biography. (2001). Retrieved July 10, 2010, from http://www. lvbeethoven. com/Bio/BiographyLudwig. html Crowest, F. J. ( 200 9). Beethoven: With Illustrations and Portraits. Charleston: BiblioBazaar, LLC. Davies, P. J. ( 2001). Beethoven in person: his deafness, illnesses, and death.West Port: Greenwood Press. Kinderman, W. (1997). Beethoven's Childhood . Berkeley: University of California Press. Lane, W. (2005). Beethoven's Childhood . Retrieved July 10, 2010, from http://www. lucare. com/immortal/childhood. html Ludwig van Beethoven (1770 – 1827). (n. d. ). Retrieved July 10, 2010, from http://library. thinkquest. org/22673/beethoven. html Udvarhelyi, G. B. ( 2003). Beethoven in Person: His Deafness, Illnesses, and Death (review). Bulletin of the History of Medicine , 77 (1), 196-197.

Battle of Stalingrad

The battle of Stalingrad was one of the biggest, cruellest and most important battles of the World War II. The city was called in the name of Stalin, the leader of the Red Army and if the Germans captured it would be great propaganda for them and it would decrease the Russian morale, so Stalin made his army fight until death. Also if the Germans took control of Stalingrad, then the way to Moscow would be open and the Germans might win the war. The city also controlled a lot of crucial water and rail communications with the rest of Russia.After the fail of the Operation Barbarossa, Adolf Hitler began a new offensive in June 1942. General Frederich Paulus, the commander of the 6th German army got an order to invade Stalingrad. The city controlled a lot of rail and water communications. In the summer of 1942 Paulus sent an army of 250000 men, 500 tanks, 7000 artillery guns and 25000 horses. The progress was slow, because there was a lack of supplies until the 7th August 1942. By the end of the month the army killed or captured around 50000 USSR soldiers. At around 35 miles left till Stalingrad the fuel supplies stopped again. When the supplies came the progress continued but Paulus was conserving the fuel, so he only sent his 14th Panzer corps. The Red Army was now giving more resistance and the Germans were forced to stop just outside of Stalingrad. Paulus ordered to delay the attack until the 7th September because his north flank was under attack. While he was waiting the Luftwaffe bombed the city. The USSR suffered lots of civilian casualties and most of the city was reduced to rubble. Stalin brought most of the Russian army together, even from Siberia. Millions of soldiers were in Stalingrad now defending the most important part of Russia. More and more soldiers were needed as more and more German tanks and planes attacked. General Georgi Zhukov the Russian military that was yet not defeated in a single battle was put in charge of the Stalingrad defence. As the Germans progressed through the city the Red Army was fighting for every single building the further the advance was the more casualties each side suffered. The German tanks were not much use in street battles and most of the fighting was done with sniper rifles, machineguns and hand grenades. Germans had problems with very well and cleverly camouflaged Russian artillery and machinegun nests. The Red Army also used sniper squads, which were based in the ruins, particularly well. On the 26th September the 6th German army was able to put their flag up over the Red Square of Stalingrad, but the street fight continued. Adolf Hitler ordered Frederich Paulus to take Stalingrad at any cost, but General Kurt Zeitzler, the Chief of General Staff was critically against continuing the attack and asked Hitler to let the German army leave Stalingrad. Hitler denied it and said to the German people on the radio: â€Å"You can be sure, that no one will ever be able to push us out of Stalingrad†. When General Gustav von Wietersheim, the commander of the 14th Panzer division was complaining about great losses at the front, Paulus replaced him with General Hans Hube. Paulus, however, who lost 40000 men entering the city, was short on soldiers and on the 4th October 1942 begged Hitler for reinforcements. A few days later five engineer battalions and a tank division came to Stalingrad. On the 19th October snow replaced rain as Paulus still tried to progress despite the harsh conditions. In November he controlled about 90% of the city, but he was running out of men and supplies. Despite that Paulus planned another big offensive on the 10th November. His army received great casualties in the next two days and the Red Army knowing what happened launched a counterattack and Paulus was forced back south. When he reached the Gumrak airfield Adolf Hitler ordered Paulus to slowdown and resist the Russians. He also promised that the Luftwaffe would supply his army via air. The Paulus’ High Officers were sure that the Russian winter airspace would restrict the air supplying. All the battalion commanders were saying that a successful counterattack was the only option, but Paulus restricted his moves to Hitler’s orders. During the December the Luftwaffe dropped 70 tonnes of supplies a day, but the surrounded German army needed about 300 tonnes a day. All the soldiers only had a third of the normal food portion a day and they also started killing their horses for meat. By the 7th December the 6th army was living on one loaf of bread per five men. The army was about to surrender because of hunger when Hitler ordered the 4th army to launch a rescue operation. The 4th army only had 30 miles until the city, when the Russians stopped them. By 27th December 1942 the 4th army was also surrounded by the Red Army. In about a month over 28000 German soldiers died. Because of the food shortage Erich von Manstein ordered to stop feeding the 12000 useless injured men. Then he wanted to make a massive breakthrough and run away, but his men were too weak to do that and the idea was scrapped. 30th January 1943 Adolf Hitler made Paulus a field marshal, and sent him a message saying that none German field marshals were captured yet and suggested to commit suicide. Paulus stood strong and preferred to surrender to the Russians. The last of the Germans surrendered on the 2d February 1943. The Battle of Stalingrad was over. More than 91000 men were captured, and 150000 men died during the siege. All the German prisoners were sent to Siberia and 45000 of them died on the way there. Only 7000 German survived the war. Battle of Stalingrad The Battle of Stalingrad was the bloodiest battle in the Second World War and marked one of its few major turning points. It was certainly the most decisive battle in the â€Å"Great Patriotic War† or the Second World War on the Eastern front. The battle lasted from 13 September 1942 until the final German surrender on 2 February 1943. A few months earlier, the Russian Red Army seemed to be on the verge of complete defeat and Hitler's evil war machine seemed irresistible.Though the German retreat from Moscow nine months earlier brought a much needed respite to the Russians, it did not bring any real hope. At Stalingrad, however, the tide turned dramatically. In the titanic struggle that raged on the shores of the River Volga, the German Wehrmacht faced a crushing and humiliating defeat from which it never managed to recover. To the Germans, Stalingrad was the single most catastrophic defeat ever, surpassing the annihilation of Prussian Army in the hands of Napoleon at Jena-Aue rstadt in 1806.To the Russians, it was more than their greatest battle victory ever, it represented a great symbol of hope, the triumph of Russian spirit over the most gruesome adversity that had fallen on them since the German invasion in June 1941. The War on the Eastern Front was a particularly brutal and destructive war, even by Second World War standards, unprecedented in its ferocity and lack of any moral constraint. This barbarized warfare exacted an immense death toll of 27-28 million people on the Soviet side, a majority of them being civilians.According to one estimate, each minute of this war cost 9-10 lives, each hour 587, each day 14,000 for a total of 1,418 days. The unleashing of the â€Å"naked power of evil† that Hitler stood for resulted in untold pain and inconsolable grief for the people of Soviet Union, but it also provoked their indomitable fighting spirit that eventually led them to a great triumph. That fighting spirit fully asserted itself at Stalingr ad. However, more than Russian valor, the chief cause for the Russian victory at Stalin was Hitler’s ineptness.Stalin – the biggest enemy of the Red ArmyIn the summer of 1941, the Soviet Red Army was the largest in the world, but nowhere close to being the mightiest. It had significant weaknesses. Just a year or two earlier it had been humiliated by the Finnish army in the Russo-Finnish War. The chief reason for the debilitated condition of the Red Army was the ruthless purging undertaken by Stalin in late 1930s. A devastatingly large number of officers (estimated around 35,000), many of them belonging to the top echelons, were killed.Only a handful of capable commanders such as Zhukov, Rokossovsky, Chuikov, Malinovsky and Eremenko were spared to execute the Great Patriotic War. Thus weakened, the Soviet army initially presented no effective opposition to the German onslaught in mid-1941. The Germans considered the Red army ill-suited to modern, mechanized warfare, so much so that Hitler did not think twice about opening a major offensive in the Eastern Front while simultaneously engaged on the Western Front with England and the Allies.The Red Army was in fact very well equipped, but was reeling under the loss of most of its experienced and far-sighted leaders in the Great Purge (Zaloga & Volstad 3). Added to the continuing executions, there was paralyzing political interference. As a result of which, though it was well known that German army was headed towards Moscow, the Red Army was surprisingly unprepared. Its preparedness was indeed inexplicably but deliberately mitigated through political directives from Stalin. The invasion order of Hitler's Directive No.21, of 18 December 1940 decreed Operation Barbarossa, which was ‘to crush Soviet Russia in a rapid campaign'. Hitler intended for the Soviet Union to be destroyed and replaced by a group of colonies that would function under the Third Reich (Hoyt 35). By mid-May of 1941, Germany was all set to launch a vicious attack on the Soviet soil. The growing German deployments along the western borders of the Soviet Union were apparent, yet not until June 21, just one day before the actual German invasion commenced, were the border military districts alerted (Horner & Jukes 24).Launched on 22 June 1941, Operation Barbarossa was the largest single military operation of all time. The number of troops involved, the scale of the operations, and the cruelty of German soldiers were all of appalling proportions. At the outset of the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet military were hopelessly unprepared for the chaos and turmoil of war. The ruthless speed of the German advance struck fear and panic in the Soviet people.The road to StalingradThe Nazi army swiftly conquered vast areas of territory, killing and capturing hundreds of thousands of troops, pillaging, plundering and massacring civilian populations.The Soviets retreated, and managed to move most of their heavy industry awa y from the front line, re-establishing it in more remote areas. Smolensk and Kiev fell in September. Leningrad was under siege. Over one million people died in Leningrad due to starvation and cold. The Germans were unstoppable; by October, they seemed to have broken their adversary on the Eastern Front. The German Army marched relentlessly on the road to Moscow, blazing a trail of destruction, murder and mayhem on its path. Hitler proudly declared, â€Å"The enemy has been routed and will never regain his strength† (Gilbert 242).But Russia would not give up so easily. As the extent and reality of the German atrocities became widely known throughout Russia, the will to resist stiffened and the â€Å"patriotic war† became in reality a ‘people's war', but the cost to soldier and civilian alike was horrendous. ((Erickson & Erickson 72). As winter set in, tenacious defense prevented the Germans from capturing Moscow. However, the Russians found a surprising ally. The Germany army was ill-equipped to withstand the freezing severity of the Russian winter and was considerably weakened.The Soviets launched their first counter-attack on December 11, 1941. However, almost a year had to pass before the tide began to turn during the second phase of the Great Patriotic War. With the 1942-43 winter struggle at Stalingrad (along with the crushed German summer offensive at Kursk in 1943), the Soviet Union would consolidate its position and stand as a formidable adversary. The Battle of Stalingrad would mark the end of the German advance, and Soviet reinforcements in great numbers would gradually push the German armies back. 3. Stalingrad in 1941: a prime objectiveStalingrad, originally knownn as Tsaritsyn, had been a prosperous trading town on the Volga during the 19th century. During the Russian Civil War of 1918-21, the Reds had triumphed decisively at Tsaritsyn. Though Stalin's contribution to the Reds' success was not very significant, Stalin named the city after himself when he achieved supreme power in 1925. Subsequently, Stalin's role in the victory of 1920 was enhanced through propaganda, and soon it was Stalin was officially recognized for his crucial role in both the October Revolution of 1917 and triumph of 1927.Thus, Stalingrad came to be strongly associated with Stalin and Russian Revolution, a fact that added an important psychological dimension in showdown between Hitler's and Stalin's forces in the battle of Stalingrad. By 1941, Stalingrad was a city of 600,000 people. It had played an important role in Stalin's industrial drive of the 1930s and is location on the Volga ensured that it was a significant player in the Soviet war economy. Hitler had set his sight on Stalingrad because it was a valuable political, economic, communications and psychological objective.From the Soviet perspective, Stalingrad was important not only as a major industrial center but also as the major connecting point to any operations in the Ca ucasus.Hitler – the Red Army’s biggest allyThe disaster for Germans at Stalingrad did not bring about immediate defeat of Germany, but, after February, 1943, few German officers genuinely believed in victory. The confidence of Hitler himself could not be shaken so easily, of course, one would think. The defeat at Stalingrad drastically widened the rupture of trust between Hitler and the army high command, which began at the battle of Moscow in December 1941.The German defeat at Stalingrad in February 1943 was a heavy psychological blow to the Wehrmacht and to the Germany people who were accustomed to victory. It raised the first widespread doubts about Hitler's leadership and the ability of Germany to win the war. After Stalingrad, Hitler himself was rarely seen in public and his outward behavior became relatively muted. In the mid-1942 the Germany army had already seemed to be in a more subdued condition as compared to its irrepressible aggressiveness an year ago.The new Fall Blau (Case Blue) offensive was intended to be a resumption of the stalled invasion of Russia. Despite Hitler's optimism, the 1941 Campaign — which opened along a 2,000 kilometer front and involved 148 combat divisions — failed to shatter Russia â€Å"to its roots with one blow. â€Å"†¦ The summer campaign of 1942, although still immense, was necessarily less ambitious. (Hayward 7) Overriding his generals, Hitler gave the offensive two separate objectives on 90-degree divergent axes — the Caucasus oilfields and the Volga crossing at Stalingrad.Fall Blau was deeply flawed by ambiguity of strategic aim. Further, Hitler's amateurish attempts to control the deployment of his forces and his opportunistic changes of mind played an important part in compromising the campaign. For Hitler, Stalingrad had become the main objective of German effort; it was an obsession. Hitler was an amateurish strategist with an unshakeable faith in his own genius, which n o facts from the real world could really affect. His campaigns were foredoomed by grand-strategic misjudgment, a prime example of which is his ‘no retreat' policy in Russian from Stalingrad to Berlin.In Hitler's view the summer offensive of 1942 should bring about a final decision in the Russian campaign with the capture of Stalingrad on the Volga and Astrakhan on the Caspian Sea, and by occupying the oilfields in the Caucasus. The outskirts of Stalingrad were reached in August 1942, with the Germany forces already weakened, but the battle stuck in street and house-to-house fighting. Hitler's front commanders did realize how much of a gamble the offensives towards Stalingrad and the Caucasus were.They harbored fears about the strengths of the Russian reserves, and the weakness of the diverging German thrusts, dependent as they were for flank protection on the ill-equipped armies of Hungary, Italy and Romania. Most of them felt that Hitler's tendency to underestimate the Russia ns was becoming dangerous. His leadership displayed a total lack of any understanding of the command machinery and its function. Colonel-General von Kleist warned Hitler against using the Hungarians, Italians and Romanians as flank protectors for the 6th Army during its struggle for Stalingrad, but the Fuhrer would not listen.The Stalingrad catastrophe – a German perspectiveThe battle at Stalingrad was a vicious, close-quarter, street fighting. The 6th Army, commanded by Paulus, slogged on street by street, its flank protection entrusted by Hitler to Romanian troops. Paulus's units were decimated at the rate of 20,000 casualties a week. By the end of October, however, only one tenth of Stalingrad still held out, in the north of the city. But the balance of strength was changing. The earlier German superiority had gone. Stalingrad was the first priority for Russian reserves.Sufficient Russian troops were sent into the city to keep the fight going on there. As more Soviet troop s were sent into the city, the fighting began to be a block-by-block slogging match, moving back and forth in bloody fighting. Heavy losses for both sides characterized the street fighting. In early November, the winter came. The temperatures would soon reach thirty below zero. In the middle of that month, Hitler sent Paulus a message urging one last effort to complete the capture of Stalingrad. By mid-November the Russians were strong enough to undertake a major offensive.They had eleven armies, several mechanized, cavalry and tank corps, 900 tanks, 1,115 aircraft for the offensive. The were all set to destroy the German forces at Stalingrad (Hoyt 160). Generals Zhukov and Chuikov directed the defense of Stalingrad. Eremenko was also sent to command the Stalingrad front. Hitler staked more and more on Stalingrad’s capture, but Chuikov's 62 Army refused to yield. On 19 November 1942, the Russian counter-strike forces under Zhukov smashed through the Romanians and on 22 Novemb er completed their encirclement of Paulus's 6th Army.On November 23 Moscow announced triumphantly that Russian forces had a great victory in the bend of the Don, and that the Germans were now entrapped in Stalingrad. That news convulsed the world†¦ By November 28 the iron ring around Stalingrad had closed. (Hoyt 205) This was when a new deteriorating phase opened in Hitler's relations with his generals — that of his utter refusal to face the realities of defeat, of inferior sources, and of the limits to even the German Soldier’s powers of endurance and fighting skill.Hitler saw himself as an infallible military genius and blamed the incompetence and lack of willpower of his generals, or their disloyalty to their fuehrer, for all the failures of the German army on its bitter path back to Berlin in the aftermath of Stalingrad. The Russian attacks fell on weakly held sectors north and south of the city, manned mainly by Romanian forces in the north and by a mixture o f further Romanians and units of the 4th Panzer Army in the south. The Russian plan was simply to encircle all of the German forces in the Stalingrad area.The Russians soon broke through the thin defenses, particularly in the north. The 6th Army at Stalingrad was in serious danger. Decisive action at that time could have saved the situation for the Germans, however. If some units were sent north and south to hold the Russians while the bulk of the 6th army withdrew from the ruins of Stalingrad, it would have been saved. The catastrophe that finally overtook German army at Stalingrad in February 1943 stemmed largely from Hitler's refusal to sanction an early break-out before the Russian ring could be consolidated.Hitler ordered Paulus and his men to remain in Stalingrad as a forward ‘fortress' until the following spring. When the Russians closed the ring on 23 November, Paulus was cut off. General von Seydlitz-Kurzbach, the most senior of the corps commanders at Stalingrad, urg ed Paulus to withdraw without delay before escape became impossible. But Paulus, obedient to his Fuehrer, refused to listen to him. From then on the Germans descended into catastrophe slowly. On January 8 1943 the Russians sent Paulus an ultimatum, offering the alternative of honorable surrender or complete annihilation.Consulting Hitler, Paulus refused to surrender again. The Russians continued their attack. They advanced from west to east, pressing the Germans back into the city. They captured half of the pocked in the first week and then again paused to demand surrender. Again, Paulus consulted Hitler and refused. As long as there was still some hope for at least part of 6th Army breaking out, von Manstein, who commanded the relief efforts, supported Hitler in insisting that Paulus must continue to resist.By 22 January, when the Russians had captured 6th Army’s only remaining airfield, Manstein supported Paulus's request for permission to surrender, which Hitler refused. B y the end of the month, it was nearly all over for Germans. Only a few units held out until February 1. On the 2 February 1943, the momentous battle of Stalingrad came to an end.ReferencesErickson, John & Erickson, Ljubica. â€Å"Hitler Versus Stalin: The Second World War on the Eastern Front in Photographs. † London : Carlton Books, 2004.Gilbert, Martin. â€Å"The Second World War: A Complete History.† New York : Henry Holt and Company, 1989.Hayward, Joel S. A. â€Å"Stopped at Stalingrad: The Luftwaffe and Hitler's Defeat in the East, 1942-1943. † Lawrence, KS : University of Kansas Press, 2001.Horner, D. M. & Jukes, Geoffrey. â€Å"The Second World War (5) The Eastern Front 1941-1945. † Oxford : Osprey Publishing, 2002.Hoyt, Edwin P. â€Å"199 Days: The Battle for Stalingrad. † New York : Forge Books, 1993.Zaloga, Steven & Volstad, Ronald. â€Å"The Red Army of the Great Patriotic War 1941-45† (Men-at-Arms). Oxford : Osprey Publishing, 19 84.

War in Darfur Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

War in Darfur - Essay Example The government responded to these assaults by taking sides with and by providing weapons to the Janjaweed, an Arab militia having been accused f attempts to eliminate black Africans from the nearby territory. Although the government denies the joining f forces with the Janjaweed, Darfur refugees have confirmed that following the government's aerial bombings, these soldiers have slaughtered men, raped women and have looted many villages in their path. Civilians have been forced to leave their homes and seek refuge in camps within Darfur's larger towns where there is a shortage f food supplies, medicine and more importantly, water. Many have gone as far as escaping to Chad, a neighboring country whose conditions in certain regions are the same as in Darfur. (Bengali 9-11) On May 5th 2006, a peace accord was offered by the country's largest rebel force, the Sudan Liberation Army, and was signed by the government, however two smaller rebel groups have refused to accept the treaty. The objective was for the Janjaweed to be disarmed, and for the rebel forces to become part f the Sudanese army. Although different sources have provided different numbers, the death toll in Darfur stands at approximately 400, 000 and will continue to rise so long as no one puts an end to this unbelievable tragedy. (Briggs 77-80) While it is impossible to single-handedly stop the slaughtering in Darfur, there are many ways one can help the situation. As always, a cash donation is the most common method f aid, and in a humanitarian crisis such as this, it is one f the only methods f help available; money donations are far more practical than oversea shipments f food and clothing at high transportation costs. The Red Cross is one f the major organizations currently making a difference in Sudan and Chad. The ICRC (International Committee f the Red Cross) has been involved with helping in Sudan since 1978 due to famine being a constant death factor in many African countries. The U.N., whose responsibility is to protect civilians affected by political issues, has hesitated before taking action. This resembles their behavior in Rwanda, when 800, 000 Rwandans were left to die in a short period f three months. According to Amnesty International, attacks on civilians and aid workers have increased since late 2005. If something is to be done, it must be accomplished quickly, as more and more lives are being put in danger. (Harris 1-7) Human Rights Crisis in Darfur If you ask anybody what they know about the Darfur conflict you will most likely hear "it is a genocide being waged by Arabs against Africans". The truth about what is happening in this country and the causes are much deeper and sometimes surprising. It is popular to denounce the genocide taking place there, due in part to the efforts f celebrities like Angelina Jolie who are raising awareness. Besides awareness, though, understanding f the entire is situation is needed if real change is to occur. (Flint 99-104) Darfur is a region in Sudan the size f France or Texas and has been home to many tribes, the biggest being the Fur tribe. This is where the name Darfur come comes from. Literally translated it means "the land f the Fur". This country is also

Zappos Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Zappos Company - Case Study Example ution is one of the factors that can affect the revenue levels since it defines the number of customers that can be served over a specified period (Michelli, 2012). For example, the institution focuses on online purchases as the main source of revenue. Evidently, this is one of the success strategies of the firm since many people in the United States, United Kingdom and other European countries have resorted to buying via the internet (Gray and Vander, 2012). However, the capacity of the firm may not be well exploited since some customers may be left out of the equation. Thus, this paper highlights the importance of capacity to an institution as well as the approaches to be used to improve the situation. Notably, the company has many employees that serve the customers via the internet, but the capacity can be used to improve the revenue generated. Illustratively, a segment of the market may not have access to the internet at all times, and they may need a physical market for the products. In such a situation, the customers have to visit the shops so that they can make their informed purchases. Principally, this may increase the revenues collected by the firm. Additionally, some individuals choose to procure products after ascertaining the exact quality of materials used. In such a situation, the clients will feel the products and may as well fit in the clothes, shoes and other apparels. Resultantly, the customers can make additional purchases. Furthermore, prevalence of physical stores in different parts of the market increases the chances of the employees to make sales. A diverse niche market offers the firm an added advantage as the approach encourages impulse buying. Accordingly, studies about consumer behavior cite that some people create a need for a product after seeing it (Lussier, 2012). Thus, the company can improve its capacity through introduction of additional shops in more locations. Lastly, the amount of time used to place orders should be reduced

Why are Prisons over crowed And how can we change this today Essay

Why are Prisons over crowed And how can we change this today - Essay Example husetts Correction Institute at Bridgewater (Boston) in 1855, followed by the Illinois State Penitentiary at Joliet (Chicago), and the Indiana State Penitentiary at Michigan City (South Bend), both in 1860. A new era in the U.S prison system dawned in 1876 when the rehabilitative doctrine was introduced. The new doctrine was accepted with alacrity and enthusiasm, with the first prison in which it was introduced, the Elmira State Reformatory at Elmira (New York), nicknamed â€Å"the new penology.† The rehabilitative doctrine was actively implemented in all U.S. prisons between 1900 and 1970. Since then however, the accessibility and effectiveness of rehabilitative programs have steadily decreased in U.S prisons [Encarta.msn.com]. The U.S has the dubious distinction of having the highest incarceration rate in the world. Its prison population was 1,078,542 in 1995, which rose to 1,316,333 in 2000 and 2,261,876 in 2004 [Encarta.msn.com]. In 2005, the number of people incarcerated was 2,320,359 [Fellner]. The rate of incarceration was 737 inmates per 100,000 U.S residents, or 1 out of every 136 U.S residents [Drug War Facts]. African-Americans and Hispanics comprised 60% or 1,392,215 of the incarcerated population; among every 10,000 incarcerated inmates, 3,145 were African-American, 1,244 were Hispanics and 471 were whites, thus making the number of African-Americans and Hispanics 6.6 times and 2.4 times more than whites respectively. Of the incarcerated inmates in 2005, 30% of the total female prisoners and 20% of the total male prisoners totaling 337,872 (of whom 133,100 were African-American) were convicted of drug crimes. 93% of all prisoners were male, most of them poor, having an average education level o f 11th grade [Fellner]. A 2006 study by the bipartisan Commission on Safety & Abuse in America’s Prisons discovered that within a period of 3 years of their release, 67% of former inmates were arrested and 52% of them were imprisoned again. The study concluded

Description of Investment Banking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Description of Investment Banking - Essay Example In addition, investment banks can also assist the mergers and acquisitions of companies and provide services such as trading of derivatives and securities. It trades and promotes securities for assets or other securities (i.e. derivatives) on its selling side. On the other hand, it also advises individuals and companies on how to invest their monies as its buying function. Advise typically dispensed by investment banking usually involves equity, insurance companies, mutual funds and hedge funds. An investment banker or the person who provides investment banking services to his or her clients are licensed and subject to the regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and Financial Regulatory Authority (SEC). a. Front office – is the most common function of investment banking where it helps its client to raise capital for their business or give advise during acquisitions and mergers. Raising funds for its clients could take in the form of issuing marketable securities (such as stocks), coordinate and negotiate with the company to be acquired or merged with and coordinate with bidders. Investment banks do not take in deposits from the general public and instead, it involves itself in the buying and selling of investment securities and other tradable securities. The investment banker assumes the role of a trader as he or she buys and then sell securities with a spread or margin on every trade completed. This function of investment banking, however, was blamed as the culprit of the recent financial crisis because the â€Å"financial bubble† that burst and precipitated the crisis came from reselling of complex derivates and debts that cannot collect until ultimately, it took its toll on the US financial system. b. Middle office – the middle office involves the research function of investment banking.

About Frankenstein Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

About Frankenstein - Essay Example While this approach is understandable, this essay seeks to examine a slightly different and more secular issue based on parallels in contemporary world. Many commentators who talk about the book always stress of the â€Å"dangers of modern technology† (Beauchamp 53). Today, technology has become to humanity much like the monster was to Frankenstein, people invent all sorts of technologies without sufficient understanding of their impacts only to end up creating monsters they cannot control since even the process of invention was experimental. When Frankenstein set out to make the monster, he does not per se wish to create one, it is his intention to make something that would prove he understood the secret of life but to what end it is never made clear probably because there was none. He only wants to feel proud because he could do what no other man had done â€Å"A new species would bless me as its creator and source; many happy and excellent natures would owe their being to me† (Shelly 51). He does not give a thought to what he would do with his invention or even how he could control it. To some extent, this sounds a bit like the nuclear race during the cold war, the US and USSR were working to develop and accumulate the most lethal nuclear warheads their budgets could allow but to what end? Neither could use them to attack the other since it would have resulted in the infamous Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) (Freedman 106). After the cold war, they may have kept a hold of their warheads but the technology they invested in them was not as well hidden and as a result, today numerous countries have created their own nuclear and atomic weapons. Like Frankenstein spent his last days chasing after the monster he had created, these nations are now engaged in a clean-up exercise that appear to be futile as they try to take away weapons from â€Å"unstable† powers such as Iran. From a critical point of view, the

Family Law, Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Family Law, - Essay Example Under such circumstances, the state is bound to uphold and protect family interests in its constitution, as a pre-condition for ensuring social order and preserving the sanctity of marriage bonds. The preservation and development of the institution of marriage is also intrinsic to the growth and development of the Irish State and nation. Specifically, the law acknowledges the fact that the role women play at her home is important without which common progress cannot be realised. Therefore, the common contention is that family economic burden should not perforce a woman to seek income avenues and neglect in the carrying out of household duties and child-rearing activities, particularly because this forms the nucleus of the family establishment in Ireland. The sanctity of marriage and its continuance is also a state promise in Ireland. It is now sought to consider the family under the following Articles: Article 119: Marriage is the formation of family for expansion and growth of national population and the constitution is bound to protect marriage. In it both the male and female members enjoy equal status in the eyes of law. Article 120: It is of paramount importance that the parents raise their children in the right manner, in physical, mental spiritual and social fitness and this is to a very large extent, assisted by the government policies and programmes which are conducive to family rearing. Article 121: This article gives equal status to illegal children (children born out of wedlock) as to legitimate children Article 122: The lives of young people must be protected against exploitation of any kind and they must be prevented from indulging in moral and spiritual debauchery, and not tending to their minds and bodies properly. It is also the duty of the state to take proper steps for ensuring this. The concept of a nucleus family is based on the lives of a married couple wherein the man is the head and provider of the family and the woman is the sustainer and mother figure, who takes care of the family duties and the development of the physical, intellectual, spiritual and moral aspects of the children. Lifelong values to be cherished and implemented are passed on from the parents to their children from generations to generations and this evolutionary process is continued. The traditional stronghold of marriage gives it a social context based on natural law, and this is further sanctified by the discouragement of divorce, and also, the social disapproval of cohabitation. The campaign against the use of contraceptive devices promotes the birth of off-springs and the continuance of the proliferation of the humans in the state. Homosexuality is also strongly disregarded in the Irish Constitution. Article 41 & 42 of the constitution has been enacted with the sole purpose of the protection of the sanctity of marriages and the family. The Irish Constitution under Section 41.3.1 validates the family as a natural unit of social life, and the state is under commitment to carefully preserve this aspect of family life. The stronghold of marriage systems of which the family is a natural outcome, needs to be protected against outside incursions. In delineating this position, the law distinctly recognises the valuable contribution made to the welfare state. It is not

Atmospheric issues Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Atmospheric issues - Term Paper Example Global warming is connected to levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere because carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas. Other gasses, such as methane serve as greenhouse gasses as well, but carbon dioxide is by far the most abundant, so the following mitigation plan will focus on limiting and eventually stabilizing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere as best we can. Addressing global climate change is important because a host of negative environmental and human maladies can be linked to a rapidly changing climate. Habitat loss, a greater range for human and animal disease, declining agricultural production and more severe storms are all possible outcomes from a warming global climate. But mitigating the amount of carbon dioxide being introduced into the atmosphere is a challenge. The complex nature of the atmosphere and earth’s systems makes some inputs, such as volcanic eruptions and solar radiation, beyond our control. Even inputs that are within our control are dif ficult to implement due to the global nature of the problem. Any realistic mitigation plan needs to have the cooperation of a host of governments and nongovernmental organizations. Though the challenges are daunting, the threats are even more so. This is why we need to address the rising amount of carbon dioxide in our environment. Carbon dioxide levels need to be mitigated because carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas. Carbon dioxide is essential in our atmosphere because it traps heat in the atmosphere before it can be radiated back into space from the surface of the earth. It works very much like a blanket trapping body heat. If a blanket is too thick, the sleeper becomes uncomfortable. This is what many scientists believe is happening to earth. The build-up of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is creating a thicker, more effective

Explore Anita Desais intensely evocative, descriptive style in Studies in the Park Essay Example for Free

Explore Anita Desais intensely evocative, descriptive style in Studies in the Park Essay Anita Desai is a world renowned, Indian novelist and short-story writer. Studies in the Park is merely one of her vast collection of short-stories, however, it is one of the most expressive stories, and it also conveys Anita Desais immensely communicative style of writing. Studies in the Park is set in the late 1970s, in contemporary India. It talks about a young boy, Suno, who is determined to do well in his exams that are a few months away. He is frequently pressurised by his parents, to study hard, and do well. However he is constantly disturbed by the repeated noise, and cannot study. He decides to go to a nearby park, which turns out to be an ideal location for him to study. The pressure that is mounted on him slowly starts to rise as the exams approach, this in turn, results in him becoming a workaholic: eventually his whole life revolves around his studies. He then sees a life changing vision that completely transforms his perspective of life. Studies in the Park contains various descriptions, and images that enables the true message of the story to be brought out. The story begins with the line -Turn it off, turn it offWhat next, my god this line evidently depicts the irritability that Suno is experiencing. This example is a perfect case in which Desai uses a very evocative stream of consciousness to illustrate emotion. This story is written in first person, and because of this Anita Desai is able to express true emotion and sentiment, as shown in the example above. In the line So I raced out of my room, Anita Desai indicates that Suno, the protagonist, is annoyed and cannot bear his surroundings anymore. This example is a typical instance where Anita Desai utilises first person, to portray an emotion. Diction is an essential component of Anita Desais style of writing, she uses a diverse collection of words to indicate the precise feeling that the protagonist is experiencing. For example, in the line rest of them standing and peering in the word peering is accurate as it portrays the curiosity and the nosiness of the brothers and sisters. Another example is in the line snarled at him The word snarled, in this context, implies that Suno is very irritable and ill-tempered at this moment. The word is precise, and specific, and thus, it makes the line more communicative and expressive. Anita Desai uses imagery as well, at many occasions, in an attempt to invoke vividness and clarity in the story. For example, in the line Bag-like women in grey and fawn saris with their sackcloth backs to the rails This description of the park is very clear and vivid, it is a description of one instant in the park: it talks about the children falling, the women screaming and the madmen prancing. The description allows the reader to infer many details about the park such as: it is very active, there many people present there, etc. These sorts of descriptions are present all over the story, hence it makes the story more understandable and suggestive. Desai also uses imagery to elaborate on one point, for example, the description The afternoons would be quietbazaars and slums This paragraph talks about the serenity and tranquillity present in the park in the afternoons, and early evenings. Anita Desai stresses on this point with help of various images. The use of imagery and diction has been used extensively in the story. However it is most effective, when the protagonist experiences the vision, in which he realises the importance of the aspects of life. The line Just then she lifted her veilDivine, I felt, or insane indicates a new revelation that takes place in Sunos mind, and with the use of imagery Anita Desai is able to depict this more vividly. During this phase, Desai uses many similes to describe the lady in the epiphany, and hence depict the new revelation. For example, in the line her borkha, like a flower This line compares the ladys face to a wax-white, lifeless flower that shows importance of health in life. Studies in the Park is very communicative and expressive; there are various descriptions and accurate diction that are essential components in the story. These have made the story more understandable and comprehensible, thus the central theme and message of the story has been portrayed competently. Anita Desais descriptive writing style is extremely graphic and illustrative: it focuses mainly on descriptions, images and precise diction to portray a particular point. Thus she has been able to depict the importance of everything in life: health, religion, family and love.

Habits Of Highly Effective People Philosophy Essay

Habits Of Highly Effective People Philosophy Essay Reading this inspiring book I have discovered that to achieve the highest level of self-discipline we need to have 7 habits. By saying habits it means these 7 behaviours pattern must form our everyday pattern of behaviour no exception. This book has opened my eyes on some fundamental facts or habits that shall make me a successful person and achieve high personal achievement. Be more confident on taking decisions and reflect on my strength and weaknesses. The book talks about habits that most effective have them and that made them successful. He said that we make habits and then habits make. We are what we repeatedly do. (Aristotle) Ashe is talking about leadership he mentioned that leadership precedes management. The difference between management and leadership is that management is formal authority while leadership is Moral Authority. Overall the book was interesting and I would like to comment on the main topics covered in the book. The Maturity Continuum is in three steps Dependence This is personal achievement Habits 1, 2, 3 Interdependence This is public achievement-Habits 4, 5, 6 Interdependence-Habit 7 In maturity continuum at dependence stage it is YOU, in independence stage it is I and in interdependence stage it is WE. These are the stages of perfection and optimization that a successful leader should achieve. Habit1. Be Proactive In habit 1 the author is suggesting that one shall be proactive and not reactive. He introduced 3 values in life: the experiential which comes through experiments, creative which come by our creation attitudinal which reflects our response to different situations. By being proactive I can read the surroundings and react upon things by facing the facts but with our own power and control we can response positively. I liked the way he talks about using our energy and power of influence in the right circle. He calls it the circle of influence and the circle of interest. In the circle of influence we have the power to change things but in the circle of interest we may not have the power of change, by concentrating on circle of interest we are just losing our power without we can make any changes; this is not the case if we concentrate on our circle of influence. In proactive approach we make mistakes, acknowledge and correct them. Being in our influence circle is all about proactive. Human Endowments Exercise human endowments imagination and conscience keep promise start small start with yourself never promise too big and deliver too low strong independent will is much inner power swim upstream Become transitional Stop transmitting negative actions of others Be true proactive , not reactive Influence others by my behaviour Make a space between Stimulant and Response so there is a gap for thinking Have principles We have the freedom of choice so we are responsible on our actions Paradigms I take responsibility of my action and choice I am capable of expanding my freedom and influence by proactive behaviour Having the above traits, the process Any reactive tendency I have , I change it to proactive I increase my circle of influence To become transition person so I benefit and others Exercise human endowments mentioned up Habit2. Begin With the End in Mind Focussing on goals is what we always need to do. Our personality has 3 different leadership qualities leadership management productivity Covey quotation in his book from Peter Drucker and Warren Bennis, management is doing things right, Leadership is doing the right things (1).This statement was so powerful and straight to the point which tells all about leadership in very simple and profound words. With the goal in mind we can design the start and focus on our goal and get the results we imagined. He suggests that we visualize things and focus on them so they interweave with our life experience. Things can go as we imagined because we put energy and focus on them and make things happen. I liked the author words mental creation precedes physical creation Effective people shape their own future Use whole brain (left and right) Have a personal mission statement, do incremental changes to the goal but dont change the core. Personal mission statement should answer the questions: What I am about? What do I leave behind? What characters Id like to emulate? What are the important I want? How I can use the right brain? And so on the list goes on. Benefits By doing this it encourages you to think deeply about your life, discover our inside thinking, expands perspective, visualise our goals desires and being the auto pilot to be on the right track. Refining By studying the lives of people we admire we can refine our mission statement Read poetry and inspiring literature Keep a list of trait s characters you like to develop Visualise what u want to be in 10, 20, 30 yrs. List the important things Testing mission values Timeless proven Represent the best inside me Inspire me the right direction Security and comfort to me approach and integrate the 4 basic human needs For example we should reflect upon Mahatma Ghandi mission of every day: I shall not fear any one on earth I shall fear only god I shall not bear ill toward any one I shall not submit to injustice from anyone I shall conquer untruth by truth And in resisting untruth, I shall put up with all suffering Process Create and apply daily living personal and organisational mission statement Envision the desired results and important values to guide activities. Anyone cannot do the right thing in one part of life while he is doing wrong things in any other parts, because life is one invisible whole (Ghandi) Summary of this part is: Choose a life centre Personal mission statement Habit3. Put First Things First So when you want to do something, plan, design and do it. By using calendar and notes list diaries we organise things and put priority on them .we cannot control time but we can manage our or organise ourselves to do tasks. The tasks can be classified in 3 different priorities: Urgent, Important, Not important. I Important and urgent II Important and not urgent III Urgent and not important IV Not urgent and not important We will make things bigger and bigger till it will dominate us and absorb our power by only focusing on Quadrant IQI in the table because it is urgent. The most important one is QII. Effective people are more interested in QII. They do not act in III and IV which are not important and stay in I and II but give more time to II and make I smaller Effective people do their time management by focusing on activities in QII because they are important and those activities have big impact in our life, so we must focus on them. Effective managers focus on results and not on methods so subordinates can choose the method and by this approach best results can be achieved because the subordinate have come up with their own visions or means to do it; it is their visions and not somebody elses. Treat a man as he is and he will remain as he is. Treat a man as he can and he will become as he can and should be (1) We only need time management to organise ourselves to do tasks. Time management can be looked at from three different angles -we believe that we need more timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..but you have all the time is there -we believe that we can save timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..time is equally given to all and we have to spend it -we believe that we can manage timeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. We can manage ourselves not time This simple comparison show how thinking has changed Old generation new generation Efficiency effectiveness Practices principles Management Leadership Schedule Relationship Urgent things First Things In control Illusion In Alignment I liked the way the author talked about building emotion bank account. It is a brilliant idea to gauge our account statement and see where the pluses and minuses, i.e. the deposit and withdrawal. He said that to build emotion account we basically have six major deposits, when we do negative things we withdraw from the account and when we do positive things we deposit the account. These deposits and withdrawal are our actions. Examples of deposits that we can make are by: 1. I see what is important for the other person and make it important to me also 2. I attend to small things that are seeing big things to the other to strengthen the relations 3. I keep promise, by not committing to fulfil; it is a big withdraw 4. I must clarify expectations. The author says this is the most damaging part of relations. Explain the role, term and goal. By clearing this upfront, it will save much of time and effort later. 5. I show personal humour and integrity. Be consistent when dealing with groups or individuals. The author says that you must remember how you treat one is how you treat the all others because all is the sum of ones 6. I should apologize when do mistake sincerely and it will be deposit. Priorities The most important things should come first before the less important Improve product/product capacity balance within my circle of influence I fulfil my mission by acting on important Goals in my key roles. Process Focus on important things and NO to unimportant things. Focus on QII activities and gradually Q1 activities will be covered or merged in QII, QIII and QIV will go away. Habit4. Think Win-Win Human relations based on one of these transactions: Win-Win both mutual benefit Win-Lose it is competition if I win you must lose and the relation is authoritarian Lose-Win the leadership is permissive Lose-lose when people try to make others lose even if they lose Win Win-Win or No Deal Win-Win both parties are winners or no deal and no loser. This is the beginning of relations and if no benefit then not a deal once in relation after some time the parties move to Win-Win if they have built the trust. Four dimension of Win-Win: Character: integrity, maturity, abundance mentality Relationships: demonstrate honesty, loyalty Believe in the best of others, clear expectation, accurate in time and honest in communications, treat others with respect and respond to their needs, focus on positive and use feedback for improvements. Agreements: desire results, guidelines, resources, accountability , consequences- achieve win-win or not Systems Processes Persist on looking for win-win results despite the past win-lose condition. Principles Effective long term relationship require mutual benefit I seek the benefit of others as well as my own I get better results by cooperating interdependently that by competing independently Win-Win relations should be focused on win-win with trust. Performance agreement will define the relation and it will be from vertical to horizontal where partnership or team work. the agreement set standards where people measure their performance: define the results, parameters Resources-human, financial, organisation support Accountability the time and standards Consequences what will happen Reward is very important system in Win-Win. If reward is used in win-lose, the system will have negative effect. If rewarded few in the Win-Win system, others are losers .Best is to set individual goals within the overall win goals so all can get rewarded. In competitive market win-win situation should be existed to make win-win to all participants but lack of confidence and trust is the main culprit. Win-Win is a third alternative, it is not my not your way but it is a better way. Habit5. First Understand, then be understood The beauty of this part lies in the art of listening. Which is very important element in gaining the hearts of the others and I believe it is on the top list of communications skills. We tend to prescribe things before listening deeply to the problem and diagnose what is needed. Be a good listener is a key to success. We listen not just for listening but to deeply understand the other party frame of reference and feelings. Listen with ears eyes and heart. Diagnose before prescribe things is not a professional approach. Understand what the customer needs is and give solutions. Amateur salesperson sells product BUT professional salesperson sales SOLUTIONS. Listen not by mouth. Listen to give answer. Listen with ears eyes heart In 75% of waking life, we learn reading, writing, speaking and listening.40% is listening alone. Every hour of understanding save 10/20/50 hours of problem solving arise from not understanding. Empathy listening is the key to the art of listening. Words we say represent 7%, nonverbal body language is 38%, the way we say words (emphasis) and sounds we make is 55% of the speech. So communication is seeing and feelings. It is mainly attitude and partly skills. The one who listens does most of the work not the one who speaks. Everyone is single and unique who will listen then? It is said that walls have ears. However some ears have walls. These words were very powerful on me and I have reflected upon them for a while. They are so true and profound and full of wisdom. Habit6. Synergise Simply it means all or total is greater than the sum of the parts or ones. Its value comes from valuing each other competencies and differences respect them and try to complement each other hence we get the complete picture which individually cannot be completed because o these differences and weaknesses. Cooperation builds trust and needs to interweave with each other. By having synergy mission it will be part of every body mind and heart and not individual concern when it is made by others. Ground rules for synergy try to adopt win-win way of thinking and mentality keep your heart, mind open to new alternatives and possibilities appreciate and respect value others opinions, views, and solutions The third alternative Negotiate and communicate till find a solution that we all feel good about It is not my way nor your way it sis the a better way We both can be right but we dont agree I must listen and if I dont agree I say: this is how I see it, not you are wrong Humility-I have my own experience though a life trials and errors. Take the others experience that took them a lifetime of understanding as a gift given to you for free. The main drive for synergetic approach is answering the question: Would you be willing to explore a solution which might be better than what we suggest? The principles of synergy are: Valuing differences of others and looking for a third alternative Doing work together takes time but produce better long term results Human problems can be solved by using habits 4, 5, 6, Habit7. Sharpen the Saw The principles of balance self-renewal You should work in a proactive way as mentioned before in the QII quadrant to refresh the dimension of ourselves physically, mentally, spiritually and socially. Live-Physical, basic wealth Lovesocial LearnMental Leave a legacyspiritual These when integrated they produce Fire Within Four dimensions of renewal Physical This is concerned about physical wellbeing by good eating and having good sleep and relaxation with exercise, stress management, sleep and rest, regular medical check-ups healthy habits and lifestyle. Spiritual Is inside us and it is a self-monitoring commitment to our values and it drives us by giving inspiration and uplifting to deal with human beings Create mission, review and refine Watch nature and reflect Study literature of great people Appreciate music and art Religious worship, yoga and meditation Mental dimension Keep the mind always fresh and sharp- with all the knowledge by reading writing planning and open mind to others to get new ideas. Read and read and read he says 12 books a year. Most professions have half-life of 4 years. Solve puzzles, play mental games, continue education, listen to music, be aware of TV it can be an open sewer into your home. These are the suggestions of the author and I completely agree with him. Social/emotional It is showing by our interactions with others and how we focus on them. Keep family relations, keep old friendship and find new friends, keep good relations and repair damage, value differences and look for synergy, take holiday and celebrate, take each family member in a date, write letters to family and friends. The four dimensions have to be refreshed and renewed together and if one is not looked after then the whole is affected. The process of synergising Apply Win-Win way of thinking-habit 4 Listen with empathy-habit 5 Seek synergic outcome- habit 6 Then use the synergy rules to find the third alternative Life changes continuously, keep core intact and deal with changes. Your centre is a source of security, guidance, wisdom and power. The real improvement is by renewal of all the four dimensions, physical, social. Set goals and work to achieve those dimensions renewal goals. The process is achieved by constantly developing and renewing of these personal dimensions (resources) to achieve better personal (product) and balance. Some quotes; Strength lies in differences, not in similarities The key of objectivity is to accept subjectivity I dont see the worlds as it is, I see is as I am The enemy of the Best is the good unknown. 7. Sharpen the Saw Be proactive and accepts risk to take new challenge Begin with the end in mind share team vision and mission First things are the things that are most important, they come first Think win-win increase group momentum and bring effective solutions to conflicts Seek understand first so u be understood and successfully resolve problems Synergy by engaging everybody can get better results and complement each other Renew and refresh your four personal dimensions continuously to protect them from burn-out Final Quotes: Become my leader although I a m your boss Production is golden egg, capability is goose

Eve And The Apple :: God Religion Religious Eve Adam Essays

Eve and the Apple   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  No one completely understands the ways of God. Many of us can come up with our own opinions, and justify his ways in our own minds, just as Milton did in Paradise Lost. Just as Adam and Eve, we all are gifted with free will and the responsibility of making important decisions and choices in our life, which will determine our future. But we may well ask ourselves today, of what use would this free will be to us if we did not know good from evil? When Eve ate the apple in the Garden of Eden she had two different voices telling her what to do. God had said that Adam and Eve may eat any fruit from any of the trees in the Garden of Eden except for the tree that contains the knowledge of good and evil. Satan (disguised as a serpent) told Eve that she would not die from eating that fruit, that her eyes would be opened, knowing both good and evil. But at the time Eve made her decision, she did not have the knowledge of good and evil. Eve did not know the serpent could be Satan incarnate, nor did she know that her desire to become a goddess would be a sin.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main reason Eve eats the apple is because she wants to become a Goddess. The serpent said that he was a beast and after eating the fruit from the tree of knowledge of good and evil he became more human like. Eve was enticed by the words of the serpent who said that "If the fruit makes a serpent like a man, it should make men like gods." (Line 710: "That ye should be as Gods, since I as man, Internal Man, is but proportion meet; I, of brute, human; ye, of human, Gods.)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Other arguments that the serpent used to manipulate Eve included; 1,) You shall not die, look at me, I have touched and tasted and I have not died. 2,) Should man not be allowed a fruit that a beast has? 3,) How can God's tree give knowledge out against his will, if he already knows all?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eve also states that by God forbidding the fruit he made it more desirable. While contemplating whether or not to eat the fruit, Eve wonders, why the beast did not die after eating the fruit? Why should such intellectual food be reserved for beasts? But her main reason for eating their fruit is to acquire greater power, to become a "goddess". She tells Adam that "it was a Eve And The Apple :: God Religion Religious Eve Adam Essays Eve and the Apple   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  No one completely understands the ways of God. Many of us can come up with our own opinions, and justify his ways in our own minds, just as Milton did in Paradise Lost. Just as Adam and Eve, we all are gifted with free will and the responsibility of making important decisions and choices in our life, which will determine our future. But we may well ask ourselves today, of what use would this free will be to us if we did not know good from evil? When Eve ate the apple in the Garden of Eden she had two different voices telling her what to do. God had said that Adam and Eve may eat any fruit from any of the trees in the Garden of Eden except for the tree that contains the knowledge of good and evil. Satan (disguised as a serpent) told Eve that she would not die from eating that fruit, that her eyes would be opened, knowing both good and evil. But at the time Eve made her decision, she did not have the knowledge of good and evil. Eve did not know the serpent could be Satan incarnate, nor did she know that her desire to become a goddess would be a sin.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The main reason Eve eats the apple is because she wants to become a Goddess. The serpent said that he was a beast and after eating the fruit from the tree of knowledge of good and evil he became more human like. Eve was enticed by the words of the serpent who said that "If the fruit makes a serpent like a man, it should make men like gods." (Line 710: "That ye should be as Gods, since I as man, Internal Man, is but proportion meet; I, of brute, human; ye, of human, Gods.)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Other arguments that the serpent used to manipulate Eve included; 1,) You shall not die, look at me, I have touched and tasted and I have not died. 2,) Should man not be allowed a fruit that a beast has? 3,) How can God's tree give knowledge out against his will, if he already knows all?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eve also states that by God forbidding the fruit he made it more desirable. While contemplating whether or not to eat the fruit, Eve wonders, why the beast did not die after eating the fruit? Why should such intellectual food be reserved for beasts? But her main reason for eating their fruit is to acquire greater power, to become a "goddess". She tells Adam that "it was a

A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia by Deleuze and Guatta

The Rhizome A significant work in theology used to address one of the many concepts it encompasses, A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia by Deleuze and Guattari focuses on the idea of the Rhizome. Throughout the writing, the authors demonstrate a disapproval of the idea that identity can be finalized or â€Å"fixed† and use the concept of the rhizome to describe a person’s continual â€Å"becoming†. Unlike syncretism, another concept commonly used to help evaluate identity, the rhizome is much more complex than binary opposing forces competing until one is dominant over the other. The rhizome is an endless, root-like tangle of all parts of an organism, constantly creating identity. In this summary of â€Å"Introduction: Rhizome† in A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, I address the central idea of the piece, which is the idea that rhizomatic ways of thinking are more inclusive than dialectic and should be used as a map for determining identi ty. I will use examples from the text to clarify the meaning of the term â€Å"rhizome† and how it functions. Also, by incorporating parts from Syncretism in Religion by Anita M. Leopold and Jeppe S. Jensen into this summary, I will help shed light on the concept of syncretism and how it has led to the creation of the rhizome. To begin describing the rhizome, Deleuze and Guattari first explain it in contrast to the typical mode of thought in American culture. Generally, when deciphering the meaning of something, or anything for that matter, human beings tend to use an arboreal model. In this model, the tree starts as a seed and continues to grow vertically, producing a trunk, then branches. With this method of thinking, all objects, concepts, claimed identities, etc. can be traced back... ...y say, â€Å"Make rhizomes, not roots, never plant! ... Don’t be one or multiple, be multiplicities! ... Make maps, not photos or drawings.† These words bluntly restate their main purpose in writing the article, which is to encourage an unprecedented kind of thought. In choosing to condense the work through the use of clarifying examples of rhizomatic structures and by giving a definition of syncretism and how it relates to the rhizome, I was able to easily restate the overall purpose of â€Å"Introduction: Rhizome†. Word Count: 1,308 â€Æ' Works Cited 1. Deleuze, Gilles, and FeÃŒ lix Guattari. "Introduction: Rhizome." In A thousand plateaus: capitalism and schizophrenia. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987. 3-25. 2. Leopold, Anita M., and Jeppe Sinding Jensen. "Part 1: General Introduction." In Syncretism in religion: a reader. New York: Routledge, 2005. ix-11.

Essay examples --

Justice Penny White of Tennessee, lost her retention election in 1996 after the Tennessee Conservative Union campaigned against her, saying she was soft on crime and capital punishment. A retention election is beneficial because it eliminates Justices that feel pity or emotion towards cases and/or people. Justice White for example ordered a new death sentence hearing for the case of State v. Odom and was knocked off the bench in a retention election because of her decision. This retention election process is beneficial because it allows citizens to retain judges who are doing significantly. It also allows us as citizens to vote off Judges who we think are doing poorly or do not represent us as a whole. Justice Penny White was voted off the ballot because citizen did not like the decision she made in the case on State v. Odom. Churches formed prayer circles to call community members stating that they would vote no for Justice White because she is evil. (Denver Bar Assoc iation.) White was opposed by a variety of victims' right groups as well as by Republic governor Don S... Essay examples -- Justice Penny White of Tennessee, lost her retention election in 1996 after the Tennessee Conservative Union campaigned against her, saying she was soft on crime and capital punishment. A retention election is beneficial because it eliminates Justices that feel pity or emotion towards cases and/or people. Justice White for example ordered a new death sentence hearing for the case of State v. Odom and was knocked off the bench in a retention election because of her decision. This retention election process is beneficial because it allows citizens to retain judges who are doing significantly. It also allows us as citizens to vote off Judges who we think are doing poorly or do not represent us as a whole. Justice Penny White was voted off the ballot because citizen did not like the decision she made in the case on State v. Odom. Churches formed prayer circles to call community members stating that they would vote no for Justice White because she is evil. (Denver Bar Assoc iation.) White was opposed by a variety of victims' right groups as well as by Republic governor Don S...

An Unforgettable Return to My High School Campus

An Unforgettable Summer Return to My Senior High School Campus After being obsessed throughout the whole school year, I was longing for some places provided for inner peace and tranquility, even though I had nothing to do but sit around all day looking at the bight and azure sky, not worrying I would get filthy when lying on the dungy ground. Finally I decided to get return to my senior high campus, in which it used to be the most familiar and enjoyable place I’ve experienced.It was one Sunday afternoon I chose to go back to my hometown school, after riding my second-hand motorcycle for 15 minutes I reached a gray aluminum building that looked like a huge monster standing in front of me. Inside the campus, the air was as fresh as I breathed from the remote mountains, and all I could hear was the beautiful filled with joy and happiness from the youngsters playing around the campus. The sun shined through dense green foliage of flame trees and filled the ground with little spotl ights, which cast light on my body and on every step I took when walking through the pavement inside the campus.I kept walking on, as what I usually did in those three years of high school life, until the intimate gate of the campus appeared in my sight. It is a scarlet red gate, which led to the vibrant campus, the palace full of memory for all graduated students. On the half way to my classroom, I stopped, looked up at the beige-tiled five-story building just behind the gate, and wondered if there was any difference between the one now in front of me and the one I used to see. Nothing changed; it stood solemnly and calmly as usual.For me, the beige-tiled building as well as the whole campus was once an important part of my life, like an intimate old friend, yet for the building I suggested , it seemed that I was just another passerby. Between the building and the wall of the campus stood a row of tall coconut trees, whose large pale green leaves excitedly swung with the wind and s aid hello to me. I replied them with a smile, and then walked through the hall on the ground floor of the building and stopped in front of the sports field. Several courts were in the middle of the field for many kinds of ball games.The hard grey grounds must be used to people’s footsteps, sweat and roars, I guess. Looking at the basketball court, I could smell the hot air of summer that mixed with countless times of energy and enthusiasm. The white straight sidelines around the court and the basketball stands towering on two sides of the field seemed to be a monument, a symbol of glory that reminded me immediately of the memorable basketball games I once played with my classmates after school during the three years of my high school life.The racing track that surrounded the courts was also a memorial, which retold the story about the championship of our relay race at the last year of high school life. The once boiling sports field now stayed silent and calm just as nothing w as happened before. All I could feel was the summer wind that gently kissed on my cheeks, which tasted as sweet as what I used to taste in this sports field. Around the sports field were blossoms of tall Flame trees, which created a lovely and aesthetic atmosphere.I strolled along the track to take a glance at those adorable flowers, and sometimes gazed upon the clear blue sky, wondering how long I hadn’t watch the sky from this place since the last time I visited. Subconsciously, I found myself standing in front of another tall building, which was ten-story high and whose skin was burgundy red. The dark green railings, where we used to bend over to either rest or chat with friends, still lay in every floor. These railings were met with so many students who strived for better grade and brighter future.I could still remember lying on them with my hands holding heavy textbooks or exam papers and asking them what my college life would be like. Until then I was like a retired man recalling memories to them. Usually, these railings remained silence; they showed their concern only by using their bodies to help me carry the weight of the textbooks and exam papers on my hands, the weight of an adolescent’s dream and future. Now, I could see that there was no weight on these railings’ shoulders anymore, only rusty spots and dusty marks are shown through the years.Smiling at them, I was glad to meet these considerate listeners again, though I doubted if they still recognized me, a passionate dream- catcher who once shared with them his dream and now shared with them his satisfaction of realizing the dream. Passing by the burgundy building, the sports field, the hallway of the beige-tiled building, and finally reaching back to the scarlet red gate, I felt the sweet summer wind again blowing over my face, yet this time with a little nostalgic taste.The coconut trees waved their green hands of leaves and said goodbye to me. It seemed that nothing was u nfamiliar to me, yet nothing was left there for me to seek. Looking around the campus, I wondered when I would meet these â€Å"old friends† again. Knowing there was no turning-back, I finally stepped out of the campus, and turned my head to take a last look. To my gratification, the beige-tiled building, the coconut trees and the pure blue sky formed an amazingly beautiful picture, a picture of my wonderful high school life.

Computers and Digital Basics

1: Computers and Digital Basics TRUE/FALSE 3. Facebook and Twitter are examples of social networking options. F 6. An operating system is an example of application software. F 7. Because of increased versatility, a videogame console is now considered a personal computer. f 8. The purpose of a server is to serve computers on a network. T 9. In the binary number system, 2 is used to represent the value 2. F 10. The number 9 can be considered a character. T 11. Because most digital devices are electronic, bytes take the form of electrical pulses. F 13.A compiler like the one shown in the accompanying figure converts all statements in a program to machine language in a single batch. T 14. An interpreter converts and executes one statement at a time. T 15. The op code specifies the data. F 16. The operand is a command word for an operation. F 17. All computers are case sensitive. F 18. Trojans are computer programs that seem to perform one function while actually doing something else. T 1 9. To assure you can remember your password it is a good idea to base it on information you can easily remember such as your birthday. F 20.You should always use a different password for every account. F MODIFIED TRUE/FALSEIf False, change the underlined work to make it True!1. Digital technology has made it easy to produce copies of music with no loss of quality from the original. _________________________2. Free source projects promote copying, free distribution, peer review, and user modifications. Open3. An area where data can be left on a permanent basis is memory. storage4. The set of instructions that tells a computer how to carry out processing tasks is a computer program. _________________________ 5. Minicomputers were used for small businesses. ________________________6. A(n) supercomputer is a large and expensive computer capable of simultaneously processing data for hundreds or thousands of users. mainframe7. The term server can refer to a combination of hardware and sof tware. _________________________8. A(n) mainframe specializes in compute-intensive problems. supercomputer9. A light switch is like a(n) analog device. digital10. DIPs and PGAs are both shapes of integrated circuits. _________________________11. The results of statements that have been compiled are called object code. _________________________12. A set of machine language instructions for a program is called source code. machine 13. The ALU uses registers to hold data that is being processed. _________________________14. A(n) keylogger is a form of malicious code. _________________________15. A(n) account manager stores user IDs with their corresponding passwords and automatically fills in login forms. passwordMULTIPLE CHOICE1. Digital electronics use electronic ____ to represent data. a. circuits c. transistors b. switches d. components2. Key factors in making electronic devices increasingly smaller and less expensive include ____. . transistors c. both a and b b. integrated circui ts d. neither a nor b3. The first digital computers were built during World War II for ____. a. census taking c. communication b. code breaking d. troop placement4. Initially sales were slow for the personal computer because of ____. a. price c. lack of software b. size d. lack of availability5. In 1982, the percentage of households that had a computer was fewer than ____ percent. a. 10 c. 50 b. 30 d. 706. A global computer network originally developed as a military project is the ____. a. World Wide Web c. Wide-area network b. Internet d. Local-area network7. ____ allow members to post comments and questions that can be read and responded to by others. a. E-mail lists c. Chat groups b. Bulletin boards d. Social networks8. ____ are where people exchange typed messages in real time. a. E-mail lists c. Chat groups b. Bulletin boards d. Online social networks9. ____ provide a space for interacting with friends or friends of those friends. a. E-mail lists c. Chat groups b. Bulletin boar ds d. Online social networks10. A group of computers linked by wired or wireless technology is a(n) ____. a. network c. cyberspace . Web d. Internet11. The ____ is a collection of linked documents, graphics, and sounds. a. network c. cyberspace b. Web d. Internet12. ____ is a term that refers to entities that exist largely within computer networks. a. Web c. WWW b. Internet d. Cyberspace13. ____ is the process of converting text, numbers, sound, photos, and video into data that can be processed by digital devices. a. Digitization c. Scanning b. Digital conversion d. Rasterization14. Technology ____ is a process by which several different technologies with distinct functionality evolve to form a single product. a. volution c. convergence b. rotation d. diversification15. More than ____ percent of cameras sold today are digital. a. 80 c. 90 b. 85 d. 9916. Digital imaging has had an effect in the following areas: ____. a. medicine c. photo processing b. video d. all of the above17. ___ _ tools cloak a person’s identity online. a. Anonymizer c. ID free b. Free ID d. Cloaking18. A computer is a multiple purpose device that can do all of the following EXCEPT ____. a. store data c. accept input b. process data d. think independently19. In a computer, most processing takes place in ____. a. memory c. he CPU b. RAM d. the motherboard20. An electronic component that can be programmed to perform tasks is a ____. a. CPU c. transistor b. microprocessor d. none of the above21. A named collection of data that exists on a storage medium is known as (a) ____. a. memory c. file name b. file d. none of the above22. An area of a computer that temporarily holds data waiting to be processed is ____. a. CPU c. storage b. memory d. a file23. A set of computer programs that helps a person carry out a task is ____. a. an operating system c. application software b. system software d. Windows24.A set of computer programs that helps a computer monitor itself and function more effici ently is ____. a. a software suite c. application software b. system software d. processing software25. The master controller for all activities that take place within a computer is ____. a. application software c. the operating system b. system software d. the CPU 26. A(n) ____ is a microprocessor-based computing device designed to meet the computing needs of an individual. a. personal computer c. ALU b. mainframe d. server27. An ordinary personal computer that is connected to a network is a ____. a. mainframe c. server . workstation d. console28. A powerful desktop computer used for high-performance tasks is a ____. a. mainframe c. server b. workstation d. console29. A compute-intensive problem runs on a ____. a. server c. supercomputer b. mainframe d. super PC30. Data becomes ____ when it is presented in a format that people can understand and use. a. information c. graphs b. processed d. presentation31. The type of data where text, numbers, graphics, sound, and video have been c onverted into discrete digits as represented in the accompanying figure is ____. a. information c. digital b. analog d. none of the above32. The type of data that is represented using an infinite scale of values as represented in the accompanying figure is ____. a. information c. digital b. analog d. none of the above33. The binary number 10 represents ____ in the decimal number system. a. 1 c. 10 b. 2 d. 10034. The type of code that uses only seven bits for each character is ____. a. ASCII c. EBCDIC b. Extended ASCII d. all of the above35. The type of code that uses eight bits for each character is ____. a. ASCII c. EBCDIC b. Extended ASCII d. all of the above36. Digital devices can use ____ as a code to represent character data. . ASCII c. EBCDIC b. Extended ASCII d. all of the above37. You might represent ____ using character codes. a. color dots c. Social Security numbers b. bank balances d. none of the above38. Data transmission speeds are typically expressed as ____. a. bits c . hertz b. bytes d. none of the above39. Storage is typically expressed as ____. a. bits c. hertz b. bytes d. none of the above40. 1,024 bytes is a ____. a. kilobyte c. gigabyte b. megabyte d. terabyte41. 1,048,576 bytes is a ____. a. kilobyte c. gigabyte b. megabyte d. terabyte42. 1,073,741,824 bytes is a ____. a. kilobyte c. igabyte b. megabyte d. terabyte43. A super-thin slice of semiconducting material packed with microscopic circuit elements is a(n) ____. a. integrated circuit c. microchip b. computer chip d. all of the above44. The accompanying figure represents two types of chip carriers. The one on the left is a ____. a. PGA c. PID b. DIP d. GAP45. The accompanying figure represents two types of chip carriers. The one on the right is a ____. a. PGA c. PID b. DIP d. GAP46. The ____ houses all essential chips and provides connecting circuitry between them. a. system board c. circuit board b. ousing board d. chip board47. C, BASIC, COBOL, and Java are examples of ____ programmi ng languages. a. low-level c. system b. computer d. high-level48. The human-readable version of a program is called ____. a. source code c. human code b. program code d. system code49. A(n) ____ converts all the statements in a program in a single batch and the resulting collection of instructions is placed in a new file. a. compiler c. converter b. interpreter d. instruction50. A(n) ____ converts and executes one statement at a time. a. compiler c. converter b. interpreter d. instruction51. A collection of preprogrammed activities such as addition, subtraction, counting and comparison is called a(n) ____. a. compiler code c. machine code b. interpreter code d. instruction set52. ____, as shown in the accompanying figure can be directly executed by the processors’s circuitry. a. Machine sets c. Programming language b. Machine language d. none of the above53. The ____ is a command word for an operation such as add, compare, or jump. a. op code c. ALU b. operand d. instruction code54. The ____ from an instruction specifies the data. a. op code c. ALU b. operand d. instruction code55. The ____ is the part of the microprocessor that performs arithmetic operations, as shown in the accompanying figure. a. instruction pointer c. ALU b. RAM d. control unit56. As shown in the accompanying figure, the ____ fetches each instruction. a. RAM c. ALU b. instruction pointer d. control unit57. The accompanying figure represents the instruction cycle. The first step is Box A and represents the ____. a. fetch instruction c. execute instruction b. interpret instruction d. increment pointer58. The accompanying figure represents the instruction cycle. The second step is Box B and represents the ____. a. etch instruction c. execute instruction b. interpret instruction d. increment pointer59. The accompanying figure represents the instruction cycle. The third step is Box C and represents the ____. a. fetch instruction c. execute instruction b. interpret instruction d. incremen t pointer60. The accompanying figure represents the instruction cycle. The fourth step is Box D and represents the ____. a. fetch instruction c. execute instruction b. interpret instruction d. increment pointer61. In terms of an authentication protocol, the phrase ‘something a person knows’ refers to ____. a. a password c. biometrics b. n ID card d. none of the above62. A ____ is a series of characters that becomes a person’s unique identifier. a. PIN code c. user ID b. password d. all of the above63. In terms of an authentication protocol, the phrase ‘something a person possesses’ could refer to ____. a. a password c. biometrics b. an ID card d. none of the above64. In terms of an authentication protocol, the phrase ‘something a person is’ refers to a(n) ____. a. password c. biometric device b. ID card d. none of the above65. A problem a hacker can cause after breaking into your computer include(s) ____. a. applying for credit in your n ame c. pply for a mortgage using your data b. sending embarrassing e-mails d. all of the above66. A term which can refer to a person who manipulates computers with malicious intent is a ____. a. black hat c. hacker b. cracker d. all of the above67. A ____ attack uses password-cracking software. a. brute force c. phishing b. sniffing d. cracker68. ____ intercepts information sent over computer networks. a. Brute force c. Phishing b. Sniffing d. Cracking69. A hacker posing as a legitimate representative of an official organization such as your bank is an example of ____. a. brute force c. phishing b. sniffing d. cracking70. Password management functions include all of the following EXCEPT ____. a. generating passwords c. providing password strength b. tracking passwords d. recording keystrokes Case-Based Critical Thinking Questions Case 1-1 Karen is trying to get organized and one of her issues is that she doesn’t know what kind of devices correspond to her needs.71. Karen need s an appointment book and is considering one that is digital. For this one piece of equipment, she does not want the device to do anything except maintain her calendar. You suggest she consider a ____. a. PDA c. handheld computer b. smart phone d. BlackBerry72. After you and Karen talk a little longer, she recognizes that she might need a device that in addition to her appointment book will have features such as e-mail, Web access, a built-in camera, and GPS. You suggest she consider a(n) ____. a. iPod c. handheld computer b. regular PDA d. CPU73. If Karen were looking for a device that in addition to voice communications, offers full qwerty keypad, text messaging, e-mail, Web access, removable storage, camera, FM radio, digital music player, and software options for games, financial management, personal organizer, GPS and maps, she might consider a(n) ____. a. regular PDA c. andheld computer b. smart phone d. iPod Case-Based Critical Thinking Questions Case 1-2 Mike and Andre are d iscussing how quickly technology changes. They are discussing how it seems devices are merging to create new products especially in the technology field. They understand this is a process called convergence.74. An example of an old form of convergence is a ____. a. clock radio c. television b. cell phone d. microwave oven75. A great example of convergence in modern technology is ____. a. clock radio c. television b. cell phones d. HD-TV76. A barrier to the rapid deployment of many products resulting from convergence is ____. . rare technology breakthroughs c. people aren’t ready b. legal issues d. both b and c Case-Based Critical Thinking Questions Case 1-3 Jim has just purchased a new computer and it has made him think about how it works. He is particularly interested in how information is processed and stored in his computer. He has come to you for help.77. Jim wants to know why a compiler converts all statements in a program at one time and places them into an object code. You tell him it is so that ____. a. the code is ready to execute b. you can prevent the introduction of new errors c. you can put it on a chip d. one of the above78. Jim knows that a collection of preprogrammed activities is an instruction set. He wants to know what an instruction set is designed to do. You tell him it is designed to ____. a. carry out a particular task b. allow programmers to use them in creative ways for multiple tasks c. limit the number of tasks the computer can perform d. allow the program to run on multiple machines79. Jim wants to know what machine language instructions look like to the machine. You tell him they appear as ____. a. an op code and operand c. basic instructions, such as add b. a series of 0s and 1s d. ll of the above80. When adding two numbers, Jim knows that each number is going into its own register and the control unit provides the instructions such as add. He wants to know where the result of the add goes. You tell him it goes to ____. a. the ALU c. the accumulator b. another register d. the printerCOMPLETION1. An ongoing process of social, political, and economic change brought about by digital technology is the digital revolution.2. At the consumer level, probably the most significant force driving research into fast computers and more sophisticated graphics processing is computer gaming.3.The potential downside of convergence is quality.4. The expectation that a person’s information will not be collected or divulged without permission is confidentiality.5. The ownership of certain types of information, ideas, or representations is intellectual property.6. Worldwide economic interdependence of countries that occurs as cross-border commerce increases and as money flows more freely among countries is globalization.7. A term that refers to the gap between people who have access to technology and those who do not is the digital divide.8. Symbols that represent facts, objects, and ideas are data.9. The manipulati on of data is called processing.10. The concept that a series of instructions for a computing task can be loaded into memory is called a stored program.11. Any software or digital device that requests data from a server is referred to as a(n) client.12. The type of computer that is considered one of the fastest in the world is a(n) supercomputer.13. A special-purpose microprocessor that is built into the machine it controls is a(n) microcontroller.14. The term that refers to the form in which data is stored, processed, and transmitted is data representation.15. In the accompanying figure, the type of sound wave indicated by A is analog.16. In the accompanying figure, as indicated by B, the sound wave has been sliced into samples and so has been digitized.17. Eight bits is a(n) byte.18. A machine language instruction has two parts, the op code and the operand.19. Identifying a person by personal attributes such as fingerprints or retinal patterns is called biometrics.20. Hackers can guess your password by stepping through a dictionary. This process is called a dictionary attack.